Today’s lithium-ion batteries are more powerful than ever, which comes with greater responsibilities for risk management. The International Air Transport Association’s (IATA) Lithium Battery Guidance Document identifies these power sources as Class Nine hazardous materials due to their chemical and electrical properties. Learn why shippers must follow safety and compliance regulations when transporting the products.
1. They Are Prone to Overheating
Lithium cells and batteries can overheat due to:
- External heat sources: Exposure to high temperatures from nearby heat-generating devices, hot environments or direct sunlight can increase the battery’s temperature.
- Internal short circuits: Dust, damage to the battery’s internal structure or manufacturing defects can cause a short circuit.
- Overcharges: Overcharging may occur if the battery is left plugged in after it’s fully charged and the charger or protection circuit doesn’t stop the charging process.
2. They Can Cause Sparks or Fires
When lithium batteries overheat, thermal runaway can occur — a chain of chemical reactions can create more heat and break down the materials. As a result, released flammable gases may ignite or explode.
If a battery is damaged, the individual cells can release flammable electrolytes. When exposed to oxygen and another ignition source, the vapors can ignite.
3. They Can Short-Circuit
The batteries may short-circuit due to:
- Improper manufacturing: Incorrect battery sealing or electrolyte composition may create short circuits.
- Improper transportation: Conditions with high temperatures, humidity or impact can cause short circuits.
- Improper charging: Damage, quality issues or incorrect use of the chargers may result in short circuits.
- Metal exposure: Improper battery casings can cause the electrodes to connect with external metal, damaging the battery or causing short circuits.
4. They Can Corrode
Batteries can corrode due to manufacturing flaws, harsh storage environments and improper use. Any discoloration around the terminals may indicate corrosion has occurred.
If left untreated, the chemical and electrochemical reactions in the batteries can prevent the power source from operating. For this reason, it’s best to store the power sources in a dry place away from direct sunlight or extreme temperatures.
5. They Can Leak
A lithium battery can leak if the electrolytes experience manufacturing defects, are exposed to high temperatures or become damaged. Some signs of leakage include swelling or bulging of the battery, a foul-smelling odor due to the electrolyte’s release of toxic gases and discoloration or corrosion around the terminals.
Learn How to Transport Dangerous Goods
Discover how to ship products by air, land or water. Hazmat School offers online training programs, including lithium battery shipping courses. Register for a course today or contact our team to learn more.
Manages Hazmat School’s E-Learning courses and blog. Kirstie has extensive experience in the online training and education industry. Kirstie has worked with courses that offer a variety of safety and environmental certifications that satisfy OSHA, EPA and DOT requirements.
